Articles
| Case | Masculine (der) | Feminine (die) | Neuter (das) | Plural (die) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | die | das | die |
| Accusative | den | die | das | die |
| Dative | dem | der | dem | den (+n*) |
| Genitive | des (+s/es) | der | des (+s/es) | der |
| Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | ein | einen | einem | eines |
| F | eine | eine | einer | einer |
| N | ein | ein | einem | eines |
| P | - | - | - | - |
Adjective endings
| Def. Art. | Indef./No Art. | Null Art. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | Nom | -e | -er | -er |
| M | Acc | -en | -en | -en |
| M | Dat | -en | -en | -em |
| M | Gen | -en | -en | -en |
| F | Nom | -e | -e | -e |
| F | Acc | -e | -e | -e |
| F | Dat | -en | -en | -er |
| F | Gen | -en | -en | -er |
| N | Nom | -e | -es | -es |
| N | Acc | -e | -es | -es |
| N | Dat | -en | -en | -em |
| N | Gen | -en | -en | -en |
| P | Nom | -en | -en | -e |
| P | Acc | -en | -en | -e |
| P | Dat | -en | -en | -en |
| P | Gen | -en | -en | -er |
Pronouns
| Type | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| Personal Pronoun | ich | I |
| du | you (informal singular) | |
| er | he | |
| sie | she | |
| es | it | |
| wir | we | |
| ihr | you (informal plural) | |
| sie | they | |
| Sie | you (formal singular & plural) | |
| Reflexive Pronoun | mich | myself |
| dich | yourself (informal singular) | |
| sich | himself, herself, itself | |
| uns | ourselves | |
| euch | yourselves (informal plural) | |
| sich | themselves | |
| sich | yourself, yourselves (formal) | |
| Possessive Pronoun | mein | my |
| dein | your (informal singular) | |
| sein | his | |
| ihr | her | |
| sein | its | |
| unser | our | |
| euer | your (informal plural) | |
| ihr | their | |
| Ihr | your (formal) | |
| Demonstrative Pronoun | dieser | this |
| jener | that | |
| der/die/das | the (used demonstratively) | |
| derselbe | the same | |
| dieselbe | the same (feminine) | |
| dasselbe | the same (neuter) | |
| Interrogative Pronoun | wer | who |
| was | what | |
| welcher | which | |
| wo | where | |
| Relative Pronoun | der/die/das | who, which, that |
| welcher | which | |
| Indefinite Pronoun | man | one, people, they, you (general) |
| jemand | someone | |
| niemand | no one | |
| etwas | something | |
| nichts | nothing | |
| alle | all, everyone | |
| einige | some, a few | |
| viele | many | |
| jeder | every, each | |
| mancher | some (masculine) | |
| manche | some (feminine) | |
| manches | some (neuter) | |
| manchmal | sometimes | |
| jedermann | everyone | |
| keiner | none (masculine) | |
| keine | none (feminine) | |
| keines | none (neuter) | |
| irgendein | any (masculine) | |
| irgendwas | anything | |
| irgendwer | anyone | |
| Reciprocal Pronoun | einander | each other, one another |
| Negative Pronoun | niemand | nobody |
| nichts | nothing | |
| keinerlei | no kind of, none whatsoever |
Pronouns with their nominative (Nom), accusative (Akk), dative (Dat), and genitive (Gen)
| Type | Case | German | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal Pronoun | Nom | ich | I |
| Akk | mich | me | |
| Dat | mir | to/for me | |
| Nom | du | you (informal) | |
| Akk | dich | you (informal) | |
| Dat | dir | to/for you (informal) | |
| Nom | er | he | |
| Akk | ihn | him | |
| Dat | ihm | to/for him | |
| Nom | sie | she | |
| Akk | sie | her | |
| Dat | ihr | to/for her | |
| Nom | es | it | |
| Akk | es | it | |
| Dat | ihm | to/for it | |
| Nom | wir | we | |
| Akk | uns | us | |
| Dat | uns | to/for us | |
| Nom | ihr | you all (informal) | |
| Akk | euch | you all (informal) | |
| Dat | euch | to/for you all | |
| Nom | sie | they | |
| Akk | sie | them | |
| Dat | ihnen | to/for them | |
| Nom | Sie | You (formal) | |
| Akk | Sie | You (formal) | |
| Dat | Ihnen | to/for You (formal) | |
| Reflexive Pronoun | Akk | sich | himself/herself/itself |
| Dat | sich | to/for himself/etc. | |
| Possessive Pronoun | Gen | mein | of mine |
| Gen | dein | of yours (inf.) | |
| Gen | sein | of his/its | |
| Gen | ihr | of hers | |
| Gen | unser | of ours | |
| Gen | euer | of yours (inf. pl.) | |
| Gen | ihr | of theirs | |
| Gen | Ihr | of Yours (formal) | |
| Demonstrative Pronoun | Gen | dessen | of that (masc. & neut.) |
| Gen | deren | of that (fem. & pl.) | |
| Relative Pronoun | Gen | dessen | whose (masc. & neut.) |
| Gen | deren | whose (fem. & pl.) | |
| Indefinite Pronoun | Gen | jemandes | of someone |
| Gen | niemandes | of no one | |
| Gen | eines | of one/it |
Prepositions
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| an | at, on | em, no, na |
| auf | on, upon | em, sobre |
| hinter | behind | atrás de |
| neben | next to, beside | ao lado de, perto de |
| in | in, into | em, dentro de |
| über | over, above | sobre, acima de |
| unter | under, below | debaixo de, sob |
| vor | in front of, before | em frente de, antes de |
| zwischen | between | entre |
| bei | at, by, near | em, junto de, perto de |
| bis | until, up to | até |
| mit | with | com |
| nach | after, to, according | após, para, segundo |
| seit | since, for | desde, há |
| von | from, of | de |
| zu | to, at | para, a |
| ohne | without | sem |
| durch | through | através de |
| für | for | para |
| gegen | against | contra |
| um | around, at (time) | à volta de, às |
| entlang | along | ao longo de |
| gegenüber | opposite | em frente a, oposto a |
| trotz | despite | apesar de |
| während | during | durante, enquanto |
| wegen | because of | por causa de |
| anstatt | instead of | em vez de |
| aus | out of, from | de, fora de |
| bei | by, with | junto a |
| laut | according to | segundo, conforme |
| per | by, via | por, via |
| über | over, about | sobre, a respeito de |
| zuhanden | for the attention of | para atenção de |
| ab | from, off | de, desde |
| anlässlich | on the occasion of | por ocasião de |
| innerhalb | within | dentro de |
| außerhalb | outside of | fora de |
| betreffs | regarding | a respeito de |
| dank | thanks to | graças a |
| trotz | in spite of | apesar de |
| samt | together with | juntamente com |
| infolge | as a result of | em consequência de |
| mangels | for lack of | por falta de |
| statt | instead of | em vez de |
| gemäß | according to | conforme, segundo |
| inklusive | including | incluindo |
prespositions with declension
| German Preposition | Translation (English) | Governed Case | Example Sentence | Translation of Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| an | at, on | Akkusativ/Dativ | Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand. | I hang the picture on the wall. (Akkusativ) |
| auf | on | Akkusativ/Dativ | Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. | The book is on the table. (Dativ) |
| hinter | behind | Akkusativ/Dativ | Das Auto steht hinter dem Haus. | The car is behind the house. (Dativ) |
| in | in, into | Akkusativ/Dativ | Sie wohnt in einem kleinen Dorf. | She lives in a small village. (Dativ) |
| neben | next to, beside | Akkusativ/Dativ | Er sitzt neben dem Fenster. | He’s sitting next to the window. (Dativ) |
| über | above, over | Akkusativ/Dativ | Die Lampe hängt über dem Tisch. | The lamp hangs above the table. (Dativ) |
| unter | under, below | Akkusativ/Dativ | Der Hund liegt unter dem Tisch. | The dog is lying under the table. (Dativ) |
| zwischen | between | Akkusativ/Dativ | Zwischen den Bäumen ist ein Pfad. | There’s a path between the trees. (Dativ) |
| bei | by, at, with | Dativ | Ich bin bei meinem Freund. | I’m at my friend’s place. |
| mit | with | Dativ | Ich gehe mit meiner Schwester ins Kino. | I’m going to the cinema with my sister. |
| zu | to | Dativ | Ich gehe zur Schule. | I go to school. |
| von | of, from | Dativ | Dieses Buch ist von meinem Bruder. | This book is from my brother. |
| aus | from, out of | Dativ | Er kommt aus der Schweiz. | He comes from Switzerland. |
| seit | since | Dativ | Sie wohnt seit Januar hier. | She has been living here since January. |
| gegenüber | opposite | Dativ | Der Park ist dem Hotel gegenüber. | The park is opposite the hotel. |
| trotz | despite | Genitiv | Trotz des Regens ging er spazieren. | Despite the rain, he went for a walk. |
| während | during | Genitiv | Während des Films schlief er ein. | He fell asleep during the movie. |
| wegen | because of | Genitiv | Wegen des Sturms blieben sie zu Hause. | Because of the storm, they stayed at home. |
| außer | except for | Dativ | Alle außer ihm kamen zur Party. | Everyone except for him came to the party. |
| entlang | along | Akkusativ | Sie spaziert den Fluss entlang. | She walks along the river. |
| gegenüber von | opposite of | Dativ | Das Café liegt gegenüber von der Bank. | The cafe is opposite the bank. |
| aufgrund von | due to | Genitiv | Aufgrund von Krankheit blieb er zu Hause. | Due to illness, he stayed at home. |
| infolge | as a result of | Genitiv | Infolge des Unfalls gab es viele Verzögerungen. | As a result of the accident, there were many delays. |
Adverbs of Manner
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| schnell | quickly | rapidamente |
| langsam | slowly | lentamente |
| laut | loudly | alto (volume) |
| leise | softly, quietly | suavemente, silenciosamente |
| gut | well | bem |
| schlecht | badly | mal |
| klar | clearly | claramente |
| direkt | directly | diretamente |
| wirklich | really | realmente |
| einfach | simply | simplesmente |
| schwer | heavily | pesadamente |
| leicht | lightly | levemente |
| tief | deeply | profundamente |
| hoch | highly | altamente |
| weit | widely, far | amplamente, longe |
| nah | closely | de perto |
| genau | precisely | precisamente |
| völlig | completely | completamente |
| teilweise | partly | parcialmente |
| hauptsächlich | mainly | principalmente |
| absolut | absolutely | absolutamente |
| bestimmt | definitely | definitivamente |
| besonders | especially | especialmente |
| ziemlich | quite | bastante |
| plötzlich | suddenly | de repente |
| seltsam | strangely | estranhamente |
| normalerweise | normally | normalmente |
| selten | rarely | raramente |
| typischerweise | typically | tipicamente |
| kürzlich | recently | recentemente |
| ständig | constantly | constantemente |
| sofort | immediately | imediatamente |
| endlich | finally | finalmente |
| häufig | frequently | frequentemente |
| selten | rarely | raramente |
| oft | often | frequentemente, muitas vezes |
| immer | always | sempre |
| nie | never | nunca |
| gelegentlich | occasionally | ocasionalmente |
| manchmal | sometimes | às vezes |
| still | silently | silenciosamente |
| grob | roughly | grosseiramente |
| brutal | brutally | brutalmente |
| ehrlich | honestly | honestamente |
| freudig | joyfully | alegremente |
| traurig | sadly | tristemente |
| ernst | seriously | seriamente |
| spielerisch | playfully | brincalhão, lúdico |
| neugierig | curiously | curiosamente |
| geduldig | patiently | pacientemente |
| ungeduldig | impatiently | impacientemente |
| mutig | bravely | corajosamente |
| feige | cowardly | covardemente |
| höflich | politely | educadamente, cortesmente |
| unhöflich | impolitely | descortesmente |
| stark | strongly | fortemente |
| schwach | weakly | fracamente |
| fleißig | diligently | diligentemente |
| faul | lazily | preguiçosamente |
| natürlich | naturally | naturalmente |
| unnatürlich | unnaturally | não naturalmente |
| zufällig | randomly | aleatoriamente |
| künstlich | artificially | artificialmente |
| hauptsächlich | mainly | principalmente |
| ausschließlich | exclusively | exclusivamente |
| besonders | particularly | particularmente |
| extrem | extremely | extremamente |
| vage | vaguely | vagamente |
| deutlich | distinctly | distintamente |
| rückwärts | backwards | para trás |
| vorwärts | forwards | para frente |
| horizontal | horizontally | horizontalmente |
| vertikal | vertically | verticalmente |
| heftig | violently | violentamente |
| mild | mildly | suavemente |
| scharf | sharply | agudamente |
| unscharf | blurrily | desfocadamente |
| flüssig | fluidly | fluentemente |
| stockend | haltingly | hesitante, com pausas |
| zögernd | hesitantly | hesitantemente |
| eifrig | eagerly | avidamente |
| widerwillig | reluctantly | relutantemente |
| glücklich | happily | felizmente |
| unglücklich | unhappily | infelizmente |
Adverbs of Frequency
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| immer | always | sempre |
| oft | often | frequentemente, muitas vezes |
| manchmal | sometimes | às vezes |
| selten | rarely | raramente |
| nie | never | nunca |
| häufig | frequently | frequentemente |
| gelegentlich | occasionally | ocasionalmente |
| meistens | mostly | na maioria das vezes |
| ständig | constantly | constantemente |
| meist | most of the time | na maior parte do tempo |
| immer noch | still | ainda |
| wieder | again | de novo |
| oftentimes | oftentimes | muitas vezes |
| meistens | usually | usualmente |
| regelmäßig | regularly | regularmente |
| selten | seldom | raramente |
| normalerweise | normally | normalmente |
| generell | generally | geralmente |
| üblicherweise | customarily | costumeiramente |
| gelegentlich | occasionally | ocasionalmente |
| bisweilen | now and then | de vez em quando |
| von Zeit zu Zeit | from time to time | de tempos em tempos |
| manchmal | sometimes | às vezes |
| immer wieder | time and again | vez ou outra |
| des Öfteren | more often | mais frequentemente |
| selten oder nie | seldom or never | raramente ou nunca |
| immer seltener | increasingly rarely | cada vez menos frequentemente |
| stets | always, constantly | constantemente, sempre |
| zuweilen | at times, now and then | ocasionalmente, de vez em quando |
| jemals | ever | alguma vez |
| täglich | daily | diariamente |
| wöchentlich | weekly | semanalmente |
| monatlich | monthly | mensalmente |
| jährlich | yearly | anualmente |
| stündlich | hourly | a cada hora |
| minütlich | every minute | a cada minuto |
| fortwährend | continuously | continuamente |
| sporadisch | sporadically | esporadicamente |
| periodisch | periodically | periodicamente |
| zeitweilig | temporarily | temporariamente |
| ewig | forever, eternally | eternamente |
| in letzter Zeit | lately | recentemente |
| zuletzt | lastly | por último, mais recentemente |
| zunächst | initially | inicialmente |
| bisher | so far, up to now | até agora |
| demnächst | soon | em breve |
| kürzlich | recently | recentemente |
| heute | today | hoje |
| morgen | tomorrow | amanhã |
| übermorgen | day after tomorrow | depois de amanhã |
| gestern | yesterday | ontem |
| vorgestern | day before yesterday | anteontem |
Adverbs of place
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| hier | here | aqui |
| dort | there | lá |
| überall | everywhere | em todo lugar, por todo lado |
| nirgendwo | nowhere | em lugar nenhum |
| da | there | ali |
| innen | inside | dentro |
| außen | outside | fora |
| links | left | à esquerda |
| rechts | right | à direita |
| oben | up, above | acima, em cima |
| unten | down, below | abaixo, embaixo |
| drinnen | indoors | dentro (de um lugar) |
| draußen | outdoors | fora, ao ar livre |
| vorne | in front | na frente |
| hinten | behind, at the back | atrás, no fundo |
| in der Nähe | nearby | perto, nas proximidades |
| fern | far away | longe |
| woanders | elsewhere | em outro lugar |
| seitlich | sideways | lateralmente |
| herum | around | ao redor, em volta |
| quer | across | atravessado, transversalmente |
| dazwischen | in between | no meio, entre |
| nördlich | to the north, northwards | ao norte, para o norte |
| südlich | to the south, southwards | ao sul, para o sul |
| östlich | to the east, eastwards | ao leste, para o leste |
| westlich | to the west, westwards | ao oeste, para o oeste |
| anderswo | somewhere else | em algum outro lugar |
| rundherum | all around | todo ao redor |
| jenseits | beyond | além |
| gegenüber | opposite | em frente a, oposto |
| mittendrin | right in the middle | bem no meio |
| ringsherum | all around, surrounding | circundando, em torno |
| anfangs | at the beginning | no começo, inicialmente |
| zuletzt | at the end | no final |
| umher | around, about | em volta, por aí |
| entlang | along | ao longo |
| um … herum | around | ao redor de |
| nach oben | upwards | para cima |
| nach unten | downwards | para baixo |
| rückwärts | backwards | para trás |
| vorwärts | forwards | para frente |
| zentral | central | central |
| abseits | offside, away | fora de jogo, afastado |
| inmitten | amidst, in the middle of | no meio de, entre |
| in der Ferne | in the distance | ao longe, na distância |
| hierher | here (direction towards) | para cá |
| dorthin | there (direction towards) | para lá |
| hinaus | out (direction from inside) | para fora |
| herein | in (direction from outside) | para dentro |
| heim | home (direction towards) | para casa |
| heimwärts | homewards | em direção a casa |
| auswärts | outwards | para fora |
| bergauf | uphill | subida, ladeira acima |
| bergab | downhill | descida, ladeira abaixo |
| flussaufwärts | upstream | contra a corrente |
| flussabwärts | downstream | a favor da corrente |
| landeinwärts | inland | em direção ao interior |
| landauswärts | towards the coast/seaside | em direção à costa/mar |
Adverbs of degree
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| sehr | very | muito |
| ziemlich | quite | bastante |
| zu | too | demais |
| genug | enough | suficiente |
| kaum | hardly | mal |
| gar | at all | de todo |
| völlig | completely | completamente |
| total | totally | totalmente |
| absolut | absolutely | absolutamente |
| wirklich | really | realmente |
| etwas | somewhat | um pouco |
| mehr | more | mais |
| weniger | less | menos |
| fast | almost | quase |
| genau | exactly | exatamente |
| höchst | highly | altamente |
| größtenteils | mostly | na sua maioria |
| teilweise | partly | parcialmente |
| gänzlich | entirely | inteiramente |
| überaus | exceedingly | excessivamente |
| recht | quite | bastante |
| vollständig | fully | completamente |
| weit | far | longe |
| weitgehend | largely | amplamente |
| halbwegs | halfway | meio caminho |
| so gut wie | as good as | quase como |
| nahezu | nearly | quase |
| beinahe | almost | quase |
| lediglich | merely | meramente |
| bloß | just, merely | só, apenas |
| eben | just | apenas, precisamente |
| nur | only | só, apenas |
| hauptsächlich | mainly | principalmente |
| ausschließlich | exclusively | exclusivamente |
| ungefähr | approximately | aproximadamente |
| rund | about, approximately | cerca de |
| annähernd | nearly | quase |
| praktisch | practically | praticamente |
| wahrscheinlich | probably | provavelmente |
| möglicherweise | possibly | possivelmente |
| offensichtlich | obviously | obviamente |
| tatsächlich | actually | na verdade |
| klar | clearly | claramente |
| definitiv | definitely | definitivamente |
| insgesamt | overall | no geral |
| letztendlich | ultimately | finalmente |
| ursprünglich | originally | originalmente |
| vermutlich | presumably | presumivelmente |
| schlicht | simply | simplesmente |
| sicherlich | certainly | certamente |
| bestimmt | definitely, certainly | com certeza |
| notwendigerweise | necessarily | necessariamente |
| zufälligerweise | coincidentally | coincidentemente |
List of prefixes
| German Prefix | Meaning (in English) | Example Word | Translation of Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| un- | not, un- | unklar | unclear |
| ver- | change the meaning to negative or transform | versuchen | to try |
| be- | adds a sense of thoroughness | bekommen | to get |
| er- | often denotes a successful action | erkennen | to recognize |
| ge- | used for past participles | gemacht | made (from machen) |
| aus- | out, from | aussehen | to look (appear) |
| an- | on, to, at | anfangen | to start |
| ab- | off, from | abnehmen | to decrease, to lose weight |
| auf- | on, up | aufmachen | to open |
| über- | over, super | übersetzen | to translate |
| unter- | under, sub | untergehen | to go down, sink |
| durch- | through | durchfahren | to drive through |
| ent- | de-, un- | entdecken | to discover |
| vor- | before, pre- | vorschlagen | to suggest |
| zurück- | back, return | zurückkommen | to come back |
| um- | around, change | umstellen | to rearrange |
| wider- | against | widersprechen | to contradict |
| mit- | with, along | mitbringen | to bring along |
| ein- | in, into | einkaufen | to shop, to buy |
| nach- | after | nachdenken | to think about, to reflect |
| über- | over | übertragen | to transfer |
| hinter- | behind | hinterlassen | to leave behind |
| neben- | beside | nebeneinander | next to each other |
| zwischen- | between | zwischenfall | incident |
| über- | super, over | übermensch | superman |
| zer- | destroy | zerbrechen | to break apart |
| wieder- | again, re- | wiederholen | to repeat |
| gegen- | against | gegenüber | opposite |
| fort- | away, gone | fortfahren | to continue |
| hin- | towards, on | hingehen | to go there |
| her- | from, off | herkommen | to come from |
| zu- | to, closed | zugeben | to admit |
| zusammen- | together | zusammenkommen | to come together, to meet |
| selbst- | self- | selbstgemacht | homemade |
| halb- | half- | halbtrocken | semi-dry |
| all- | all, every | allwissend | all-knowing |
| ex- | ex- | Ex-Freund | ex-boyfriend |
| anti- | against | Antikörper | antibody |
| co- | co-, joint | Co-Autor | co-author |
| multi- | multi-, many | Multifunktion | multifunction |
| non- | non-, un- | Non-Profit | non-profit |
| pro- | for, pro | Prozess | process |
| super- | super | Supermarkt | supermarket |
List of Suffixes
| German Suffix | Meaning (in English) | Example Word | Translation of Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -heit/-keit | turns adjectives into feminine nouns | Einfachheit | simplicity |
| -ung | forms nouns from verbs | Erklärung | explanation |
| -lich | equivalent to -ly in English | freundlich | friendly |
| -bar | similar to -able in English | lesbar | readable |
| -los | denotes a lack of something | hoffnungslos | hopeless |
| -haft | denotes a characteristic of | kinderhaft | childish |
| -chen/-lein | diminutive | Mädchen, Vögelchen | girl, little bird |
| -er | often forms masculine nouns from verbs, often denotes a person doing an action | Lehrer | teacher |
| -in | feminine form for occupations | Lehrerin | female teacher |
| -isch | similar to -ic/-ical in English | musikalisch | musical |
| -schaft | denotes a group or association | Freundschaft | friendship |
| -ung | denotes action or result | Bildung | education, formation |
| -ant | person affiliated with something | Praktikant | intern |
| -enz | quality or state | Tendenz | tendency |
| -ion | similar to -ion in English | Nation | nation |
| -ment | similar to -ment in English | Instrument | instrument |
| -ur | denotes origin or result | Kultur | culture |
| -iv | active characteristic | aktive | active |
| -al | related to | regional | regional |
| -är | relating to a certain field | militär | military |
| -or | denotes a person or thing doing an action | Motor | motor |
| -us | originates from Latin nouns | Virus | virus |
| -ie | condition or activity | Demokratie | democracy |
| -aner | person affiliated with something | Amerikaner | American |
| -nis | denotes a result or state | Ergebnis | result |
| -ler | relating to a certain region | Berliner | Berlin resident (or jelly doughnut) |
| -ig | describes a quality | König | king |
| -sam | similar to -some in English | einsam | lonely |
| -il | having the quality of | mobil | mobile |
| -är | relating to | Sekretär | secretary |
| -ster | feminine form | Dienster | female servant |
| -tion | denotes action or result | Aktion | action |
| -ess | feminine form | Prinzessin | princess |
| -age | collection or result | Passage | passage |
common German questions
| German Question Word | English Translation | Portuguese Translation |
|---|---|---|
| wer? | who? | quem? |
| was? | what? | o que? / que? |
| wann? | when? | quando? |
| wo? | where? | onde? |
| wohin? | where to? | para onde? |
| woher? | where from? | de onde? |
| warum? | why? | por quê? |
| wie? | how? | como? |
| welcher/welche/welches? | which? | qual? |
| wie viel? | how much? | quanto? |
| wie viele? | how many? | quantos? |
| weshalb? | why? (alternative) | por que? (alternative) |
| weswegen? | for what reason? | por que razão? |
| wieso? | why so? | por que assim? |
| womit? | with what? | com o quê? |
| worüber? | about what? | sobre o quê? |
| wie oft? | how often? | quantas vezes? / quão frequentemente? |
| wie lange? | how long? | por quanto tempo? |
| woher? | from where? | de onde? |
| wozu? | what for? | para quê? |
Conjunctions
| German Conjunction | English Translation | Portuguese Translation |
|---|---|---|
| und | and | e, e também |
| oder | or | ou |
| aber | but | mas |
| denn | for, because | porque |
| sondern | but (after negative) | mas (após negação) |
| also | so, thus | então, assim |
| wenn | if, when | se, quando |
| weil | because | porque |
| obwohl | although | embora |
| dass | that | que |
| bevor | before | antes |
| nachdem | after | depois que |
| während | while, during | enquanto, durante |
| sobald | as soon as | assim que |
| solange | as long as | enquanto, tão longo quanto |
| ob | whether | se |
| trotzdem | nevertheless | no entanto |
| jedoch | however | contudo |
| entweder … oder | either … or | ou … ou |
| weder … noch | neither … nor | nem … nem |
| sowohl … als auch | both … and | tanto … quanto |
| zwar … aber | indeed … but | de fato … mas |
False friends
| German Word | English False Friend | Actual English Meaning | Portuguese Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | rat | advice, council | conselho |
| Gift | gift | poison | veneno |
| Chef | chef | boss | chefe |
| Handy | handy | mobile phone | celular |
| Boot | boot | boat | barco |
| Mist | mist | dung, manure | esterco |
| See | see | lake (also means sea) | lago (and mar) |
| werden | were | will become | tornar-se |
| bald | bald | soon | logo, em breve |
| Rock | rock | skirt | saia |
| brav | brave | well-behaved | comportado |
| Rente | rent | pension | pensão |
| Brief | brief | letter | carta |
| aktuell | actual | current, up-to-date | atual, corrente |
| sympathisch | sympathetic | likeable | simpático |
| Wand | wand | wall | parede |
| Million | million | billion (in some contexts) | bilhão |
| Fabrik | fabric | factory | fábrica |
| Tabelle | table | chart, table | tabela |
| eventuell | eventually | possibly | possivelmente |
| sensibel | sensible | sensitive | sensível |
| konsequent | consequent | consistent | consistente |
| Prokurist | procurist | authorized officer | procurador |
common German verbs that are often used with specific prepositions, and their translations
| German Verb + Preposition | English Translation | Portuguese Translation |
|---|---|---|
| achten auf + Akk. | pay attention to | prestar atenção em |
| anfangen mit + Dat. | begin with | começar com |
| ärgern über + Akk. | be annoyed about | irritar-se com |
| beschweren über + Akk. | complain about | reclamar de |
| bestehen aus + Dat. | consist of | consistir de |
| denken an + Akk. | think of | pensar em |
| einladen zu + Dat. | invite to | convidar para |
| erinnern an + Akk. | remind of | lembrar de |
| freuen auf + Akk. | look forward to | ansioso para/ esperar ansiosamente por |
| freuen über + Akk. | be happy about | ficar feliz com |
| gehören zu + Dat. | belong to | pertencer a |
| glauben an + Akk. | believe in | acreditar em |
| halten von + Dat. | think of, have an opinion on | pensar sobre, ter uma opinião sobre |
| handeln von + Dat. | be about | ser sobre |
| interessieren für + Akk. | be interested in | interessar-se por |
| kämpfen gegen + Akk. | fight against | lutar contra |
| kümmern um + Akk. | take care of, look after | cuidar de |
| lachen über + Akk. | laugh about | rir de |
| leiden unter + Dat. | suffer from | sofrer de |
| nachdenken über + Akk. | think about, reflect on | refletir sobre |
| sprechen über + Akk. | talk about | falar sobre |
| teilnehmen an + Dat. | participate in | participar de |
| verlassen auf + Akk. | rely on | confiar em |
| warten auf + Akk. | wait for | esperar por |
| sich wenden an + Akk. | turn to, approach | dirigir-se a, abordar |
Modal verbs and semi-modal verbs (verbs that can sometimes function like modals)
| German Verb | English Translation | Portuguese Translation | Example in German | Example in English | Example in Portuguese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| müssen | must, have to | deve, ter que | Ich muss arbeiten. | I must work. | Eu devo trabalhar. |
| können | can, be able to | poder | Er kann das verstehen. | He can understand that. | Ele pode entender isso. |
| dürfen | may, be allowed to | poder (permissão) | Du darfst nicht rauchen. | You may not smoke. | Você não pode fumar. |
| wollen | want to | querer | Sie will reisen. | She wants to travel. | Ela quer viajar. |
| sollen | should, ought to | dever | Wir sollen pünktlich sein. | We should be on time. | Nós devemos chegar a tempo. |
| mögen | like, may | gostar, poder (in certain contexts) | Ich mag Kaffee. | I like coffee. | Eu gosto de café. |
| mögen (möchte) | would like | gostaria | Ich möchte ein Bier. | I would like a beer. | Eu gostaria de uma cerveja. |
| brauchen | need (semi-modal with “zu”) | precisar | Du brauchst nicht zu weinen. | You don’t need to cry. | Você não precisa chorar. |
| lassen | let, have something done | deixar, fazer algo ser feito | Lass mich in Ruhe! | Let me be! | Deixe-me em paz! |
| mögen (möchte) | would like | gostaria | Ich möchte ein Wasser. | I would like a water. | Eu gostaria de uma água. |
| scheinen | seem (semi-modal with “zu”) | parecer | Es scheint zu regnen. | It seems to be raining. | Parece que está chovendo. |
| pflegen | tend to (semi-modal with “zu”) | ter o hábito de | Sie pflegt früh aufzustehen. | She tends to get up early. | Ela tem o hábito de acordar cedo. |
Idiomatic expressions
| German Expression | Literal Translation | English Equivalent | Portuguese Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daumen drücken | press thumbs | keep your fingers crossed | torcer |
| Das ist mir Wurst | that’s sausage to me | I don’t care | Não estou nem aí |
| Schwein haben | to have a pig | to be lucky | ter sorte |
| Es ist nicht mein Bier | it’s not my beer | it’s none of my business | não é da minha conta |
| Mit jemandem auf Kriegsfuß stehen | to be on war foot with someone | to be on bad terms with someone | estar de mal com alguém |
| Den Teufel an die Wand malen | paint the devil on the wall | to imagine the worst | pintar o diabo na parede |
| Eine Extrawurst verlangen | to ask for an extra sausage | to ask for special treatment | pedir tratamento especial |
| Das ist ein Katzensprung | it’s a cat’s jump | it’s a stone’s throw away | é um pulo |
| Jetzt geht’s um die Wurst | now it’s about the sausage | it’s now or never | é agora ou nunca |
| Die Kirche im Dorf lassen | leave the church in the village | not get carried away | não exagerar |
| Um den heißen Brei herumreden | to talk around the hot porridge | to beat around the bush | enrolar, falar rodeando o assunto |
| Alles hat ein Ende, nur die Wurst hat zwei | everything has an end, only the sausage has two | all good things come to an end | tudo tem um fim |
| Einen Bären aufbinden | to tie up a bear | to pull someone’s leg | enrolar alguém, contar uma mentira |
| Ins Gras beißen | to bite into the grass | to bite the dust | bater as botas |
| Auf den Punkt kommen | to come to the point | to get to the point | ir direto ao ponto |
| Unter die Haube kommen | to come under the hood | to get married | casar-se |
| Das fünfte Rad am Wagen sein | to be the fifth wheel on the car | to be the third wheel | ser a vela (literal: be the candle) |
| Einen Korb bekommen | to get a basket | to be rejected/turned down | levar um fora (literal: get a turn down) |
| Jemandem die Daumenschrauben anlegen | to put thumb screws on someone | to put pressure on someone | pressionar alguém |
| Das ist Schnee von gestern | that’s snow from yesterday | that’s old news | isso é notícia velha |
| Auf Wolke sieben schweben | to float on cloud seven | to be on cloud nine | estar nas nuvens |
| Den Nagel auf den Kopf treffen | to hit the nail on the head | to hit the nail on the head | acertar em cheio |
| German Verb | English Translation | Portuguese Translation | Example in German | Example in English | Example in Portuguese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anfangen | to begin, start | começar | Ich fange an zu lesen. | I’m starting to read. | Estou começando a ler. |
| aufstehen | to get up, stand up | levantar-se | Ich stehe früh auf. | I get up early. | Eu me levanto cedo. |
| einkaufen | to shop, buy | fazer compras | Ich kaufe ein. | I am shopping. | Estou fazendo compras. |
| fernsehen | to watch TV | assistir à TV | Ich sehe fern. | I am watching TV. | Estou assistindo à TV. |
| mitnehmen | to take along | levar junto | Ich nehme dich mit. | I’ll take you along. | Eu te levo junto. |
| vorbereiten | to prepare | preparar | Ich bereite mich vor. | I am preparing myself. | Estou me preparando. |
| abgeben | to hand in, give | entregar | Ich gebe das Formular ab. | I am handing in the form. | Estou entregando o formulário. |
| ausmachen | to turn off | desligar | Ich mache das Licht aus. | I am turning off the light. | Estou desligando a luz. |
| zurückkommen | to come back | voltar | Ich komme zurück. | I am coming back. | Estou voltando. |
| einladen | to invite | convidar | Ich lade dich ein. | I am inviting you. | Estou te convidando. |
| anfangen | to begin, start | começar | Ich fange an zu arbeiten. | ||
| aufstehen | to get up, stand up | levantar-se | Er steht um 8 Uhr auf. | ||
| einkaufen | to shop, buy | fazer compras | Sie kauft im Supermarkt ein. | ||
| fernsehen | to watch TV | assistir à TV | Er sieht jeden Abend fern. | ||
| mitnehmen | to take along | levar consigo | Sie nimmt das Buch mit. | ||
| vorbereiten | to prepare | preparar | Er bereitet die Präsentation vor. | ||
| abgeben | to hand in, give | entregar | Ich gebe meine Hausaufgaben ab. | ||
| ausmachen | to turn off | desligar | Kannst du das Licht ausmachen? | ||
| zurückkommen | to come back | voltar | Wann kommst du zurück? | ||
| einladen | to invite | convidar | Ich lade meine Freunde ein. | ||
| aufwachen | to wake up | acordar | Wann wachst du auf? | ||
| mitbringen | to bring along | trazer consigo | Was bringst du zur Party mit? | ||
| nachdenken | to think about, reflect | refletir, pensar | Ich denke über das Leben nach. | ||
| ansehen | to look at, watch | olhar para, assistir | Sie sieht sich Fotos an. | ||
| abholen | to pick up | buscar, pegar | Er holt seine Kinder von der Schule ab. | ||
| zurechtkommen | to manage, cope | lidar, gerenciar | Kommst du mit der Arbeit zurecht? | ||
| umziehen | to move (house) | mudar-se | Sie zieht nach München um. | ||
| durchsehen | to look through, review | revisar, olhar através | Ich sehe die Dokumente durch. | ||
| vorbeigehen | to go past, walk by | passar por | Gehst du an der Bäckerei vorbei? | ||
| zuschauen | to watch, observe | assistir, observar | Kann ich dir beim Kochen zuschauen? | ||
| anrufen | to call (on the phone) | ligar (telefone) | Ich rufe dich später an. | ||
| aufhören | to stop | parar | Er hört auf zu rauchen. | ||
| ausgehen | to go out | sair | Gehst du heute Abend aus? | ||
| einfallen | to occur, come to mind | ocorrer, vir à mente | Mir fällt der Name nicht ein. | ||
| abfahren | to depart | partir | Der Zug fährt um 9 Uhr ab. | ||
| ankommen | to arrive | chegar | Wann kommst du an? | ||
| aufmachen | to open | abrir | Mach bitte das Fenster auf. | ||
| absetzen | to take off, set down | tirar, pôr de lado | Er setzt seine Brille ab. | ||
| anziehen | to dress, attract | vestir, atrair | Sie zieht einen Mantel an. | ||
| aufschreiben | to write down | escrever | Schreib dir das auf! | ||
| anschauen | to look at, view | olhar, ver | Schau dir diesen Film an! | ||
| anhören | to listen to | ouvir | Hör dir das Lied an! | ||
| aufnehmen | to record, take up | gravar, pegar | Er nimmt das Gespräch auf. | ||
| abmachen | to arrange, agree on | combinar, acordar | Sie machen einen Termin ab. | ||
| abrufen | to retrieve, recall | recuperar, relembrar | Kannst du die Daten abrufen? | ||
| ausdrücken | to express, press out | expressar, apertar | Drück den Saft aus der Orange aus. | ||
| aufklären | to clear up, enlighten | esclarecer | Kannst du das Problem aufklären? | ||
| anstreben | to aspire to, aim for | aspirar, almejar | Er strebt eine Beförderung an. | ||
| aufzeigen | to show, demonstrate | mostrar, demonstrar | Sie zeigt eine neue Methode auf. | ||
| beitreten | to join, enter into | juntar-se, entrar | Er tritt dem Club bei. | ||
| durchführen | to carry out, conduct | realizar, conduzir | Sie führt ein Experiment durch. | ||
| herunterladen | to download | baixar (download) | Kannst du das Dokument herunterladen? | ||
| mitteilen | to inform, communicate | informar, comunicar | Teile mir deine Meinung mit. | ||
| vorstellen | to introduce, imagine | apresentar, imaginar | Stell dir eine Welt ohne Musik vor. | ||
| weitergeben | to pass on | passar adiante | Gib die Nachricht weiter. | ||
| zusammensetzen | to put together, assemble | juntar, montar | Setz die Teile zusammen. | ||
| zurückgeben | to return, give back | devolver | Gib mir mein Buch zurück. |
Irregular verbs
| Infinitive | Präsens (3rd person sing.) | Präteritum (3rd person sing.) | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| beginnen | beginnt | begann | begonnen |
| bieten | bietet | bot | geboten |
| bitten | bittet | bat | gebeten |
| bleiben | bleibt | blieb | geblieben |
| essen | isst | aß | gegessen |
| fahren | fährt | fuhr | gefahren |
| fallen | fällt | fiel | gefallen |
| finden | findet | fand | gefunden |
| geben | gibt | gab | gegeben |
| gehen | geht | ging | gegangen |
| helfen | hilft | half | geholfen |
| kommen | kommt | kam | gekommen |
| nehmen | nimmt | nahm | genommen |
| sprechen | spricht | sprach | gesprochen |
| sehen | sieht | sah | gesehen |
| sein | ist | war | gewesen |
| singen | singt | sang | gesungen |
| trinken | trinkt | trank | getrunken |
| tun | tut | tat | getan |
| werden | wird | wurde | geworden |
| wissen | weiß | wusste | gewusst |
| backen | bäckt | backte | gebacken |
| beißen | beißt | biss | gebissen |
| bergen | birgt | barg | geborgen |
| bersten | birst | barst | geborsten |
| betrügen | betrügt | betrog | betrogen |
| bewegen | bewegt | bewog | bewogen |
| biegen | biegt | bog | gebogen |
| binden | bindet | band | gebunden |
| blasen | bläst | blies | geblasen |
| braten | brät | briet | gebraten |
| brechen | bricht | brach | gebrochen |
| brennen | brennt | brannte | gebrannt |
| bringen | bringt | brachte | gebracht |
| denken | denkt | dachte | gedacht |
| dringen | dringt | drang | gedrungen |
| empfangen | empfängt | empfing | empfangen |
| empfehlen | empfiehlt | empfahl | empfohlen |
| erschrecken | erschrickt | erschrak | erschrocken |
| essen | isst | aß | gegessen |
| fahren | fährt | fuhr | gefahren |
| fallen | fällt | fiel | gefallen |
| fangen | fängt | fing | gefangen |
| finden | findet | fand | gefunden |
| fliegen | fliegt | flog | geflogen |
| fließen | fließt | floss | geflossen |
| frieren | friert | fror | gefroren |
| gelingen | gelingt | gelang | gelungen |
| gelten | gilt | galt | gegolten |
| genießen | genießt | genoss | genossen |
| geschehen | geschieht | geschah | geschehen |
| gewinnen | gewinnt | gewann | gewonnen |
| greifen | greift | griff | gegriffen |
| haben | hat | hatte | gehabt |
| halten | hält | hielt | gehalten |
| hängen | hängt | hing | gehangen |
| heben | hebt | hob | gehoben |
| heißen | heißt | hieß | geheißen |
| helfen | hilft | half | geholfen |
| kennen | kennt | kannte | gekannt |
| klingen | klingt | klang | geklungen |
| kriechen | kriecht | kroch | gekrochen |
| laden | lädt | lud | geladen |
| lassen | lässt | ließ | gelassen |
| laufen | läuft | lief | gelaufen |
| leiden | leidet | litt | gelitten |
| leihen | leiht | lieh | geliehen |
| lesen | liest | las | gelesen |
| liegen | liegt | lag | gelegen |
| meiden | meidet | mied | gemieden |
| messen | misst | maß | gemessen |
| mögen | mag | mochte | gemocht |
| müssen | muss | musste | gemusst |
| nehmen | nimmt | nahm | genommen |
| nennen | nennt | nannte | genannt |
| pfeifen | pfeift | pfiff | gepfiffen |
| raten | rät | riet | geraten |
| reiben | reibt | rieb | gerieben |
| reißen | reißt | riss | gerissen |
| reiten | reitet | ritt | geritten |
| rennen | rennt | rannte | gerannt |
| rufen | ruft | rief | gerufen |
| scheinen | scheint | schien | geschienen |
| schieben | schiebt | schob | geschoben |
| schlagen | schlägt | schlug | geschlagen |
| schleichen | schleicht | schlich | geschlichen |
| schlafen | schläft | schlief | geschlafen |
| schließen | schließt | schloss | geschlossen |
| schreiben | schreibt | schrieb | geschrieben |
| schreien | schreit | schrie | geschrien |
| schweigen | schweigt | schwieg | geschwiegen |
| schwimmen | schwimmt | schwamm | geschwommen |
| sehen | sieht | sah | gesehen |
| sein | ist | war | gewesen |
| singen | singt | sang | gesungen |
| sinken | sinkt | sank | gesunken |
| sitzen | sitzt | saß | gesessen |
| sprechen | spricht | sprach | gesprochen |
| springen | springt | sprang | gesprungen |
| stechen | sticht | stach | gestochen |
| stehen | steht | stand | gestanden |
| stehlen | stiehlt | stahl | gestohlen |
| steigen | steigt | stieg | gestiegen |
| sterben | stirbt | starb | gestorben |
| tragen | trägt | trug | getragen |
| treffen | trifft | traf | getroffen |
| treiben | treibt | trieb | getrieben |
| trinken | trinkt | trank | getrunken |
| tun | tut | tat | getan |
| verderben | verdirbt | verdarb | verdorben |
| vergessen | vergisst | vergaß | vergessen |
| verlieren | verliert | verlor | verloren |
| versprechen | verspricht | versprach | versprochen |
| waschen | wäscht | wusch | gewaschen |
| werden | wird | wurde | geworden |
| werfen | wirft | warf | geworfen |
| wissen | weiß | wusste | gewusst |
| ziehen | zieht | zog | gezogen |
Basic Transitive
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| sehen | to see | ver |
| hören | to hear | ouvir |
| sagen | to say | dizer |
| fragen | to ask | perguntar |
| kennen | to know (someone) | conhecer |
| mögen | to like | gostar |
| lieben | to love | amar |
| hassen | to hate | odiar |
| helfen | to help | ajudar |
| besuchen | to visit | visitar |
| nehmen | to take | pegar/tomar |
| geben | to give | dar |
| erzählen | to tell | contar |
| zeigen | to show | mostrar |
| lesen | to read | ler |
| schreiben | to write | escrever |
| trinken | to drink | beber |
| essen | to eat | comer |
| kaufen | to buy | comprar |
| verkaufen | to sell | vender |
| bringen | to bring | trazer |
| suchen | to search | procurar |
| finden | to find | encontrar |
| beginnen | to begin | começar |
| verstehen | to understand | entender |
| erinnern | to remind | lembrar |
| vergessen | to forget | esquecer |
| lehren | to teach | ensinar |
| lernen | to learn | aprender |
| antworten | to answer | responder |
| denken | to think | pensar |
| glauben | to believe | acreditar |
| schicken | to send | enviar |
| spielen | to play | jogar/brincar |
| hören | to listen | escutar |
| fühlen | to feel | sentir |
| betrachten | to consider/look at | considerar/olhar |
| benutzen | to use | usar |
| erstellen | to create | criar |
| öffnen | to open | abrir |
| schließen | to close | fechar |
| brechen | to break | quebrar |
| bauen | to build | construir |
| reparieren | to repair | reparar |
| reinigen | to clean | limpar |
| kochen | to cook | cozinhar |
| zahlen | to pay | pagar |
| mieten | to rent | alugar |
| verlieren | to lose | perder |
| tragen | to wear/carry | usar/carregar |
| bestellen | to order | encomendar/pedir |
| empfehlen | to recommend | recomendar |
| erklären | to explain | explicar |
| beenden | to finish/end | terminar/finalizar |
| bewegen | to move | mover |
| sammeln | to collect/gather | coletar/juntar |
| anfangen | to start/begin | começar/iniciar |
| laden | to load/invite | carregar/convidar |
| werfen | to throw | jogar/lançar |
| treffen | to meet/hit | encontrar/acertar |
| diskutieren | to discuss | discutir |
| genießen | to enjoy | desfrutar/gozar |
| planen | to plan | planejar |
| benötigen | to need | necessitar/precisar |
| fahren | to drive | dirigir |
| hoffen | to hope | esperar |
| teilen | to share | compartilhar |
| segmentieren | to segment | segmentar |
| approbieren | to approve (in medical context) | aprovar (em contexto médico) |
| bemerken | to notice | notar |
| bestrafen | to punish | punir |
| delegieren | to delegate | delegar |
| dirigieren | to direct, to conduct | dirigir |
| erfordern | to require | exigir |
| ersetzen | to replace | substituir |
| feststellen | to ascertain, to determine | determinar, constatar |
| gestalten | to shape, to design | moldar, projetar |
| garantieren | to guarantee | garantir |
| initiieren | to initiate | iniciar |
| isolieren | to isolate | isolar |
| kennzeichnen | to characterize, to mark | caracterizar, marcar |
| lizenzieren | to license | licenciar |
| motivieren | to motivate | motivar |
| navigieren | to navigate | navegar |
| objektivieren | to objectify | objetivar |
| patentieren | to patent | patentear |
| qualifizieren | to qualify | qualificar |
| rechtfertigen | to justify | justificar |
| substituieren | to substitute | substituir |
| signalisieren | to signal | sinalizar |
| terminieren | to terminate | terminar |
| überprüfen | to check, to review | verificar, revisar |
| umfassen | to comprise | compreender, incluir |
| untermauern | to underpin, to substantiate | fundamentar, corroborar |
| verfolgen | to pursue, to track | perseguir, rastrear |
| verwalten | to administer, to manage | administrar, gerir |
| zelebrieren | to celebrate (formally) | celebrar (formalmente) |
| zensieren | to censor | censurar |
Intermediate
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| abschaffen | to abolish, get rid of | abolir, eliminar |
| anerkennen | to recognize, acknowledge | reconhecer, aceitar |
| ertragen | to endure, tolerate | suportar, tolerar |
| erwähnen | to mention | mencionar |
| kritisieren | to criticize | criticar |
| beeinflussen | to influence | influenciar |
| beleidigen | to insult, offend | insultar, ofender |
| beschädigen | to damage | danificar |
| betonen | to emphasize, stress | enfatizar, acentuar |
| bewundern | to admire | admirar |
| übersetzen | to translate | traduzir |
| vereinbaren | to agree upon, arrange | acordar, combinar |
| vermeiden | to avoid | evitar |
| beschweren | to complain | queixar-se |
| empfangen | to receive | receber |
| erfüllen | to fulfill, satisfy | cumprir, satisfazer |
| gestatten | to allow, permit | permitir, autorizar |
| verweigern | to refuse, deny | recusar, negar |
| vorschlagen | to suggest, propose | sugerir, propor |
| verschwenden | to waste | desperdiçar |
| verhindern | to prevent, hinder | prevenir, impedir |
| zustimmen | to agree, consent | concordar, assentir |
| anwenden | to apply, use | aplicar, usar |
| berühren | to touch | tocar |
| bestrafen | to punish | punir |
| unterstützen | to support, assist | apoiar, ajudar |
| entdecken | to discover | descobrir |
| beweisen | to prove | provar |
| steuern | to steer, control | dirigir, controlar |
| verfolgen | to pursue, follow | perseguir, seguir |
| widerlegen | to refute, disprove | refutar, contestar |
| beurteilen | to judge, assess | julgar, avaliar |
| einschränken | to restrict, limit | restringir, limitar |
| erweitern | to expand, extend | expandir, estender |
| veröffentlichen | to publish | publicar |
| ausdrücken | to express | expressar |
| bestätigen | to confirm | confirmar |
| enthalten | to contain | conter |
| einschätzen | to estimate, assess | estimar, avaliar |
| erwerben | to acquire, obtain | adquirir, obter |
| vertreten | to represent, stand in for | representar, substituir |
| veranlassen | to cause, arrange | causar, providenciar |
| befürworten | to advocate, support | advogar, apoiar |
| zurückweisen | to reject, refuse | rejeitar, recusar |
| überzeugen | to convince | convencer |
| beherrschen | to master, dominate | dominar, controlar |
Advanced
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| konstituieren | to constitute | constituir |
| postulieren | to postulate | postular |
| dechiffrieren | to decipher | decifrar |
| modifizieren | to modify | modificar |
| adaptieren | to adapt | adaptar |
| artikulieren | to articulate | articular |
| inferieren | to infer | inferir |
| kategorisieren | to categorize | categorizar |
| deduzieren | to deduce | deduzir |
| manifestieren | to manifest | manifestar |
| perpetuieren | to perpetuate | perpetuar |
| diversifizieren | to diversify | diversificar |
| evaluieren | to evaluate | avaliar |
| explizieren | to explicate | explicitar |
| negieren | to negate | negar |
| substantiieren | to substantiate | substanciar |
| thematisieren | to thematize, to make a topic of | tematizar |
| rezitieren | to recite | recitar |
| generalisieren | to generalize | generalizar |
| harmonisieren | to harmonize | harmonizar |
| induzieren | to induce | induzir |
| interpolieren | to interpolate | interpolar |
| interpretieren | to interpret | interpretar |
| kontrastieren | to contrast | contrastar |
| maximieren | to maximize | maximizar |
| minimieren | to minimize | minimizar |
| neutralisieren | to neutralize | neutralizar |
| optimieren | to optimize | otimizar |
| propagieren | to propagate | propagar |
| reflektieren | to reflect | refletir |
| reformieren | to reform | reformar |
| regulieren | to regulate | regular |
| synthetisieren | to synthesize | sintetizar |
| validieren | to validate | validar |
| variieren | to vary | variar |
| standardisieren | to standardize | padronizar |
| spezifizieren | to specify | especificar |
| transformieren | to transform | transformar |
| transkribieren | to transcribe | transcrever |
| verifizieren | to verify | verificar |
| zitieren | to quote, to cite | citar |
| extrahieren | to extract | extrair |
| integrieren | to integrate | integrar |
| konsolidieren | to consolidate | consolidar |
| illustrieren | to illustrate | ilustrar |
| klassifizieren | to classify | classificar |
| priorisieren | to prioritize | priorizar |
| quantifizieren | to quantify | quantificar |
Argumentative Noums
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| Vorrang | priority, precedence | prioridade, precedência |
| These | thesis | tese |
| Argument | argument | argumento |
| Standpunkt | standpoint, point of view | ponto de vista |
| Meinung | opinion | opinião |
| Beweis | proof, evidence | prova, evidência |
| Schlussfolgerung | conclusion | conclusão |
| Annahme | assumption | suposição, pressuposto |
| Behauptung | assertion, claim | afirmação, reivindicação |
| Widerspruch | contradiction | contradição |
| Überzeugung | conviction, belief | convicção, crença |
| Perspektive | perspective | perspectiva |
| Hypothese | hypothesis | hipótese |
| Kritik | criticism | crítica |
| Rechtfertigung | justification | justificação |
| Ansicht | view, opinion | visão, opinião |
| Einspruch | objection | objeção |
| Vorbehalt | reservation, caveat | reserva, ressalva |
| Überlegung | consideration, deliberation | consideração, deliberação |
| Kontroverse | controversy | controvérsia |
| Diskussion | discussion | discussão |
| Debatte | debate | debate |
| Hintergrund | background | contexto, fundo |
| Fazit | conclusion, result | conclusão, resultado |
| Anregung | suggestion, stimulation | sugestão, estímulo |
| Stellungnahme | statement, comment | declaração, comentário |
| Erörterung | discussion, deliberation | discussão, deliberação |
| Problemstellung | problem statement, issue | declaração do problema, questão |
| Begründung | reasoning, justification | fundamentação, justificação |
| Vermutung | assumption, presumption | suposição, presunção |
| Konsens | consensus | consenso |
| Divergenz | divergence, difference | divergência, diferença |
| Konsequenz | consequence | consequência |
| Einwurf | objection, interjection | objeção, interjeição |
| Bestätigung | confirmation | confirmação |
| Rückmeldung | feedback | feedback, retorno |
| Implikation | implication | implicação |
| Vorschlag | suggestion, proposal | sugestão, proposta |
| Einsicht | insight | percepção, discernimento |
| Erkenntnis | realization, knowledge | realização, conhecimento |
| Grundlage | basis, foundation | base, fundação |
| Betrachtung | observation, consideration | observação, consideração |
| Analyse | analysis | análise |
| Synthese | synthesis | síntese |
| Befund | finding, result | descoberta, resultado |
| Prämisse | premise | premissa |
| Schluss | conclusion | conclusão |
| Theorie | theory | teoria |
| Praxis | practice | prática |
| Methode | method | método |
| Statistik | statistic | estatística |
| Faktor | factor | fator |
| Aspekt | aspect | aspecto |
| Tendenz | tendency | tendência |
| Variante | variant | variante |
| Untersuchung | investigation, study | investigação, estudo |
| Beurteilung | assessment, evaluation | avaliação |
| Klarstellung | clarification | esclarecimento |
| Beobachtung | observation | observação |
| Vermittlung | mediation | mediação |
| Bewertung | evaluation, rating | avaliação, classificação |
| Berücksichtigung | consideration | consideração |
| Einordnung | classification | classificação |
| Dimension | dimension | dimensão |
| Interpretation | interpretation | interpretação |
| Annäherung | approximation | aproximação |
| Empfehlung | recommendation | recomendação |
| Auffassung | perception, view | percepção, visão |
| Muster | pattern | padrão |
| Rücksicht | consideration, regard | consideração, consideração (cuidado) |
| Dilemma | dilemma | dilema |
| Paradigma | paradigm | paradigma |
| Umstand | circumstance | circunstância |
| Hinweis | hint, indication | dica, indicação |
| Kontrast | contrast | contraste |
| Abweichung | deviation | desvio |
| Rückblick | retrospect | retrospecto |
| Vorausschau | forecast | previsão |
| Persuasion | persuasion | persuasão |
| Modifikation | modification | modificação |
Modal Particles
| German | General Use and Tone | Closest English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ja | Affirms/emphasizes a statement, often implying it’s obvious. | “obviously,” “you know” |
| doch | Contradictory emphasis or reassurance. | “indeed,” “after all” |
| mal | Softens an imperative, less direct. | “just” (as in “just try it”) |
| eben | Indicates something is the way it is, can’t be changed. | “just,” “simply” |
| halt | Indicates resignation. | “just,” “simply” |
| nun/nun mal | Fact one has to accept. | “well,” “just” |
| eigentlich | Not quite the full truth. | “actually” |
| bloß | Adds a note of caution or concern. | “just,” “only” |
| schon | Softens a statement, less direct. | “already,” “just” |
| ruhig | Indicates permission/lack of concern. | “go ahead,” “feel free” |
| vielleicht | Indicates possibility/uncertainty. | “perhaps,” “maybe” |
| wohl | Indicates assumption/speculation. | “probably,” “I suppose” |
| ziemlich | Indicates a degree of something. | “quite,” “rather” |
| einfach | Emphasizes simplicity/frustration. | “just,” “simply” |
| auch | Indicates agreement or adds emphasis. | “too,” “also” |
| gar | Emphasizes to a large extent/degree. | “at all,” “even” |
| total | Emphasizes to a very large extent. | “totally,” “completely” |
| etwa | Indicates doubt or disbelief. | “perhaps,” “really?” |
| sicher | Indicates sarcasm or disbelief. | “surely,” “really?” |
| wenigstens | Emphasizes a minimum expectation. | “at least” |
| fast | Indicates a near completion or almost. | “almost,” “nearly” |
| genauso | Emphasizes similarity or agreement. | “just as,” “similarly” |
| überhaupt | Generally questions the existence or relevance. | “at all,” “even” |
| klar | Affirms understanding or agreement. | “clearly,” “of course” |
Common Adjectives
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| gut | good | bom |
| schlecht | bad | ruim |
| groß | big | grande |
| klein | small | pequeno |
| alt | old | velho |
| jung | young | jovem |
| schön | beautiful | bonito |
| hässlich | ugly | feio |
| neu | new | novo |
| altmodisch | old-fashioned | antiquado |
| schnell | fast | rápido |
| langsam | slow | lento |
| leicht | light | leve |
| schwer | heavy | pesado |
| einfach | simple | simples |
| kompliziert | complicated | complicado |
| hoch | high | alto |
| tief | deep/low | profundo/baixo |
| breit | wide | largo |
| eng | narrow | estreito |
| teuer | expensive | caro |
| billig | cheap | barato |
| richtig | correct | correto |
| falsch | false | falso |
| stark | strong | forte |
| schwach | weak | fraco |
| warm | warm | quente |
| kalt | cold | frio |
| heiß | hot | muito quente |
| sauber | clean | limpo |
| schmutzig | dirty | sujo |
| laut | loud | alto (som) |
| leise | quiet | silencioso |
| früh | early | cedo |
| spät | late | tarde |
| interessant | interesting | interessante |
| langweilig | boring | chato |
| glücklich | happy | feliz |
| traurig | sad | triste |
| munter | lively | animado |
| müde | tired | cansado |
| gesund | healthy | saudável |
| krank | sick | doente |
| voll | full | cheio |
| leer | empty | vazio |
| nass | wet | molhado |
| trocken | dry | seco |
| altmodisch | old-fashioned | antiquado |
| modern | modern | moderno |
| freundlich | friendly | amigável |
| unfreundlich | unfriendly | não amigável |
| höflich | polite | educado |
| unhöflich | impolite | mal-educado |
| reich | rich | rico |
| arm | poor | pobre |
| klug | smart | inteligente |
| dumm | dumb/stupid | burro/estúpido |
| hell | bright | claro |
| dunkel | dark | escuro |
| kurz | short | curto |
| lang | long | longo |
| frisch | fresh | fresco |
| alt | stale | velho (comida) |
| nahe | close | perto |
| weit | far | longe |
| dünn | thin | fino |
| dick | thick | grosso |
| hart | hard | duro |
| weich | soft | macio |
| schwer | difficult | difícil |
| leicht | easy | fácil |
| sicher | sure/safe | seguro/certo |
| unsicher | unsure/unsafe | inseguro/incerto |
| möglich | possible | possível |
| unmöglich | impossible | impossível |
| scharf | sharp/spicy | afiado/apimentado |
| stumpf | dull | sem corte |
| bitter | bitter | amargo |
| süß | sweet | doce |
| salzig | salty | salgado |
| sauer | sour | azedo |
| laut | according to | conforme |
| wahr | true | verdadeiro |
| falsch | wrong | errado |
| zufrieden | satisfied | satisfeito |
| unzufrieden | dissatisfied | insatisfeito |
| gewöhnlich | ordinary | comum, ordinário |
| ungewöhnlich | unusual | incomum |
| fleißig | diligent | diligente, aplicado |
| faul | lazy | preguiçoso |
| nützlich | useful | útil |
| nutzlos | useless | inútil |
| ernst | serious | sério |
| lustig | funny | engraçado |
| sonderbar | strange | estranho |
| überraschend | surprising | surpreendente |
| bemerkenswert | remarkable | notável |
| deutlich | clear | claro, evidente |
| undeutlich | unclear | pouco claro |
| winzig | tiny | minúsculo |
| riesig | huge | imenso |
| grob | coarse | grosseiro |
| fein | fine | fino |
| mutig | brave | corajoso |
| feige | cowardly | covarde |
| bescheiden | modest | modesto |
| präzise | precise | preciso |
| vage | vague | vago |
| lebendig | lively | vivo, vivaz |
| tot | dead | morto |
| anwesend | present | presente |
| abwesend | absent | ausente |
| aktiv | active | ativo |
| passiv | passive | passivo |
| gültig | valid | válido |
| ungültig | invalid | inválido |
| oberflächlich | superficial | superficial |
| tiefgründig | profound | profundo |
| gerecht | just, fair | justo |
| ungerecht | unjust | injusto |
| großzügig | generous | generoso |
| geizig | stingy | avarento |
| empfindlich | sensitive | sensível |
| unempfindlich | insensitive | insensível |
| geduldig | patient | paciente |
| ungeduldig | impatient | impaciente |
| optimistisch | optimistic | otimista |
| pessimistisch | pessimistic | pessimista |
| ehrlich | honest | honesto |
| unehrlich | dishonest | desonesto |
| tapfer | brave | valente |
| ängstlich | fearful | medroso |
| willig | willing | disposto |
| unwillig | unwilling | indisposto |
| eifersüchtig | jealous | ciumento |
| anspruchsvoll | demanding | exigente |
| gelassen | calm | calmo |
| nervös | nervous | nervoso |
| verfügbar | available | disponível |
| nicht verfügbar | unavailable | indisponível |
| friedlich | peaceful | pacífico |
| kriegerisch | warlike | belicoso |
| geschickt | skillful | habilidoso |
| ungeschickt | clumsy | desajeitado |
| treu | loyal | leal |
| untreu | disloyal | desleal |
| sinnvoll | meaningful | significativo |
| sinnlos | meaningless | sem sentido |
| gleichgültig | indifferent | indiferente |
| bewusst | conscious | consciente |
| unbewusst | unconscious | inconsciente |
| zuverlässig | reliable | confiável |
| unzuverlässig | unreliable | não confiável |
| geheimnisvoll | mysterious | misterioso |
| offensichtlich | obvious | óbvio |
| abenteuerlich | adventurous | aventureiro |
| bedauerlich | regrettable | lamentável |
| beispiellos | unprecedented | sem precedentes |
| berüchtigt | notorious | notório |
| beschämend | shameful | vergonhoso |
| betörend | enchanting | encantador |
| eigenartig | peculiar | peculiar |
| entzückend | delightful | encantador |
| erfinderisch | inventive | inventivo |
| furchtbar | terrible | terrível |
| gebieterisch | imperious | imperioso |
| gedankenlos | thoughtless | sem pensar |
| gleichgültig | indifferent | indiferente |
| grausam | cruel | cruel |
| gründlich | thorough | minucioso |
| heimtückisch | treacherous | traiçoeiro |
| hinterlistig | deceitful | enganoso |
| irreführend | misleading | enganador |
| kühn | bold | ousado |
| makellos | flawless | impecável |
| malerisch | picturesque | pitoresco |
| nachdenklich | thoughtful | pensativo |
| nachhaltig | sustainable | sustentável |
| oberflächlich | superficial | superficial |
| rätselhaft | enigmatic | enigmático |
| rücksichtslos | reckless | imprudente |
| schamlos | shameless | descarado |
| schillernd | iridescent | iridescente |
| schwermütig | melancholic | melancólico |
| sprunghaft | erratic | errático |
| störrisch | obstinate | obstinado |
| tadellos | impeccable | impecável |
| unauffällig | inconspicuous | discreto |
| unermüdlich | tireless | incansável |
| unerschütterlich | unshakable | inabalável |
| unheilvoll | ominous | ameaçador |
| unverkennbar | unmistakable | inconfundível |
| verachtenswert | despicable | desprezível |
| verblüffend | astonishing | surpreendente |
| verfroren | frosty | gelado |
| verwerflich | reprehensible | repreensível |
| verworren | convoluted | complicado |
| wehmütig | wistful | saudoso |
| wohlhabend | affluent | abastado |
| wortkarg | reticent | reticente |
| wunderlich | whimsical | caprichoso |
| zauberhaft | magical | mágico |
| zäh | tenacious | tenaz |
| zeitgemäß | contemporary | contemporâneo |
| zielstrebig | determined | determinado |
| zurückhaltend | reserved | reservado |
| zwiespältig | ambivalent | ambivalente |
| zwielichtig | shady | sombrio |
| bedrohlich | threatening | ameaçador |
| überflüssig | superfluous | supérfluo |
| unentbehrlich | indispensable | indispensável |
| unbestreitbar | undeniable | inegável |
| unersetzlich | irreplaceable | insubstituível |
| unumstößlich | incontrovertible | incontestável |
| vorherrschend | predominant | predominante |
| weitläufig | extensive | extenso |
| willkürlich | arbitrary | arbitrário |
| widersprüchlich | contradictory | contraditório |
| unergründlich | inscrutable | insondável |
| unüberwindlich | insurmountable | intransponível |
| unausweichlich | inevitable | inevitável |
| wankelmütig | fickle | volúvel |
| wohlüberlegt | well-considered | bem considerado |
| zynisch | cynical | cínico |
| fundiert | well-founded | fundamentado |
Temporal Expressions
| German | English | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|
| heute Morgen | this morning | esta manhã |
| heute Abend | this evening | esta noite |
| diese Woche | this week | esta semana |
| dieses Wochenende | this weekend | este fim de semana |
| diese Monat | this month | este mês |
| dieses Jahr | this year | este ano |
| vor einem Jahr | a year ago | há um ano |
| vor einem Monat | a month ago | há um mês |
| vor einer Woche | a week ago | há uma semana |
| in zwei Tagen | in two days | em dois dias |
| in drei Wochen | in three weeks | em três semanas |
| in einem Monat | in a month | em um mês |
| in einem Jahr | in a year | em um ano |
| in der Zukunft | in the future | no futuro |
| in der Vergangenheit | in the past | no passado |
| am Montag | on Monday | na segunda-feira |
| am Dienstag | on Tuesday | na terça-feira |
| am Mittwoch | on Wednesday | na quarta-feira |
| am Donnerstag | on Thursday | na quinta-feira |
| am Freitag | on Friday | na sexta-feira |
| am Samstag | on Saturday | no sábado |
| am Sonntag | on Sunday | no domingo |
| an Feiertagen | on holidays | em feriados |
| am Anfang | at the beginning | no começo |
| am Ende | at the end | no fim |
| während der Woche | during the week | durante a semana |
| während des Tages | during the day | durante o dia |
| während des Jahres | during the year | durante o ano |
| zu Weihnachten | at Christmas | no Natal |
| zu Ostern | at Easter | na Páscoa |
| zu meinem Geburtstag | on my birthday | no meu aniversário |
| zum Jahresende | by the end of the year | até o fim do ano |
| zum Monatsende | by the end of the month | até o fim do mês |
| zum Wochenende | by the weekend | até o fim de semana |
| bis jetzt | until now | até agora |
| bis morgen | until tomorrow | até amanhã |
| bis bald | see you soon | até logo |
| bis dann | until then | até então |
| seit gestern | since yesterday | desde ontem |
| seit einem Jahr | for a year | por um ano |
| seit zwei Wochen | for two weeks | por duas semanas |
| seit drei Monaten | for three months | por três meses |
| seit langem | for a long time | há muito tempo |
| zeitweise | from time to time | de vez em quando |
| jedes Jahr | every year | todo ano |
| jedes Mal | every time | toda vez |
| jede Minute | every minute | todo minuto |
| stündlich | hourly | a cada hora |
| einmal | once | uma vez |
| zweimal | twice | duas vezes |
| dreimal | three times | três vezes |
| viermal | four times | quatro vezes |
| mehrmals | several times | várias vezes |
| oft genug | often enough | frequentemente |
| so oft wie möglich | as often as possible | tão frequentemente quanto possível |
| frühestens | at the earliest | no mais cedo possível |
| spätestens | at the latest | no mais tardar |
| gleichzeitig | simultaneously | simultaneamente |
| allmählich | gradually | gradualmente |
| unverzüglich | without delay | imediatamente |
| in der Regel | usually | geralmente |
| ab und zu | now and then | de vez em quando |
| von Zeit zu Zeit | from time to time | de tempos em tempos |
| die meiste Zeit | most of the time | na maioria das vezes |
| von Anfang bis Ende | from start to finish | do começo ao fim |
| Tag für Tag | day by day | dia após dia |
| Woche für Woche | week by week | semana após semana |
| Monat für Monat | month by month | mês após mês |
| Jahr für Jahr | year by year | ano após ano |